The Differences Between Four Conceptions Of Gender

MS 2009 Essay (Question 9) In the developing environment, digital technologies advance people in different aspects. Game is one of the products under technology, while gaming is also sometime contextualized by shared cultural discussion (Carr, D. Burn, A., 2006), such as gender. As De Castell and Bryson argued, there are four conceptions of gender, which are positivism, constructivism, critical, and postmodernism. (De Castell, S. Bryson, M., 1998) To understand gender through technology, critical analysis standing out of these four concepts as it echoes with the structure and users’ views. In the following essay, it will first distinguish the difference between four conceptions of gender. Then, it followed by the illustration of the reality video gaming cultural in terms of the structure and characters, and the resistance from players and production, to see how critical analysis understand better in technology via gaming. Notably, throughout the essay, ‘sex’ means the actual male and female based on biological factors whereas ‘gender’ means man and woman based on social factors in general. (Cranny-Francis, A., Waring, W., Stavropoulos, P., Kirkby, J., 2003) In between these concepts, the fundamental differences are their ways to see the relationship between sex and gender through people’s daily representation. To begin with, positivism apply gender is totally the same as sex, as biological sex is equivalent to gender. (De Castell, S. Bryson, M., 1998) PositivismShow MoreRelatedGender Development: Social or Biological1658 Words   |  7 PagesIn a variety of contexts, the word gender is used to describe the masculinity or femininity of words, persons, characteristics, or non-human organisms (Wikipedia, 2006). More specific to psychology, gender role is a term used to describe the normal behavior associated with a given gender status. Those that do not follow this customary role given to their particular gender are said to have an atypical gender role. A person who has normal male genitalia and identifies himself as a man will usuallyRead MoreExploring Human Development Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Human Development Development begins with conception and ends in death. It pertains to the changes an individual faces both physically and mentally throughout their lifetime, and can be shaped through a number of reasons. Development: The changes one undergoes during their lifetime. Cross-Sectional Design: Observing the differences between individuals by taking age into account. Nature: Deals with an individual s genetic makeup. Nurture: Deals with an individual’s experience with lifeRead MoreAbortion1572 Words   |  7 Pages Abortion Fact #1: Every abortion kills an innocent human being. Every new life begins at conception. This is an irrefutable fact of biology. It is true for animals and true for humans. When considered alongside the law of biogenesis – that every species reproduces after its own kind – we can draw only one conclusion in regard to abortion: every single abortion ends the life of an innocent human being. Fact #2: Every human being is a person. Personhood is properly definedRead MoreFrom Undoing Gender By Judith Butler960 Words   |  4 PagesButler’s approach in â€Å"From Undoing Gender† lets the audience see a different side of opinions regarding gender. Judith’s presence and way of speaking lets us look at things in a way we never had before. She demonstrates her way of thinking, acknowledges other peoples ways of thinking and also goes outside the box in creating her own definition of undergoing gender. When we look up gender in the dictionary it states â€Å"Although it is possible to define  gender  as â€Å"sex,† indicating that the term canRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Affect Development Of A Child, Conception, And The Contemporary Theories1690 Words   |  7 PagesLife Span Development From the time of conception to the time of death, we are constantly developing and changing. Although some of the changes are as a result of personal adoptions and incidences, most changes experienced are as a result of our shared biological and mental heritage as humans and are shared by all individuals in the globe. A lot of studies have been dedicated to the study of human growth and development. In the book, Lifespan development, various concepts have been discussed in theRead MoreDiversity in Organizational Behavior Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesworld is compiled as one big human race. Differences play a vital role in all people lives. Whether it is at home or in the workplace, one will encounter many diverse situations during the course of their lifetime. Within this word, diversity has many facets. Like people, each is unique; others has to accept it and respect it to maintain harmony. There will be four areas of diversity being discussed and defined in relation to ones beha vior. Differences in Skills and Abilities One mayRead MorePersonality Assessment Inventory1448 Words   |  6 Pagesdirectly to the diagnostic criteria for depression. Characteristics and Purposes According to (Beck, Steer, Brown, 2008) the 21 items self-report corresponds to a symptom of depression is summed to give a single score for the BDI-II. There is a four-point scale for each item ranging from 0 to 3. On two items (16 and 18) there are seven options to indicate either an increase or decrease of appetite and sleep. Cut score guidelines for the BDI-II are given with the recommendation that thresholdsRead MoreTitle. Several Theories Have Arisen In Attempt To Explain1236 Words   |  5 Pagestheories have arisen in attempt to explain the development of gender roles. Sigmund Freud proposed one of the early theories of gender role development. Freud believed that gender role development was shaped early in childhood when children have intimate feelings for their parent of the other sex and resolve the conflict by identifying with the same-sex parent. While Freud may be correct that early childhood is a critical time period for gender role development, there is very little evidence for his theoryRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children s Television1306 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the way they need to act according to their gender roles (Signorelli, 2001). The more time viewers spend with television the more likely their conceptions about the world and its people will reflect what they see on television (Signorelli, 2001). Through pursuing an experiment and reading the findings of Signorelli (2001), we can conclude that children’s television shows convey the traditional ideas of gender roles for women but these gender roles are slowly shifting from traditional to non-traditionalRead MoreDiscrimination Within Private Physical Therapy Practices1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthe unequal treatment of persons based on characteristics that are illegitimate for or irrelevant to the outcome in question. I believe that discrimination within privately owned physical therapy practices occurs often. The goal on gender equality and impact of gender discr imination varies from country to country, depending on the social, cultural and economic context. Anti-discrimination laws have performed a critical role in expanding work place opportunities for women, yet they are still denied

Women Empowerment - 12463 Words

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001) | | |Introduction | |The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental | |Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to | |women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. | |Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have| |aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has| |been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they remain largely marginalized, poor and socially excluded. | |Goal and Objectives | |1.11 The goal of this Policy is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. | |The Policy will be widely disseminated so as to encourage active participation of all stakeholders for| |achieving its goals. Specifically, the objectives of this Policy include | |(i) Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of | |women to enable them to realize their full potential | |(ii) The de-jure and de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal | |basis with men in all spheres – political, economic, social, cultural and civil | |(iii) Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic | |life of the nation | |(iv) Equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational | |guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, socialShow MoreRelatedRole Of Women And Women s Empowerment1093 Words   |  5 Pages@IJRTER-2016, All Rights Reserved 177 Role of women empowerment in economic growth in India Dr. kirti shrivas (Asst. professor)Dept. of Commerce, govt. college abhanpur Abstract :Women’s empowerment defined as improving the ability of women to access the constituents of development in particular health, education, earning opportunities, rights and political participations. Women empowerment in India is dependent on many different variables like education status, social status, geographical statusRead MoreWhy Women Empowerment And Entrepreneurs1421 Words   |  6 PagesWhy women empowerment and entrepreneurs Swami Vivekananda, one of the greatest sons of India, quoted that, â€Å"There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved, It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. † Therefore, inclusion of â€Å"Women Empowerment’ as one of the prime goals in the eight Millennium Development Goals underscores the relevance of this fact. Thus, in order to achieve the status of a developed country, India needs to transform its colossalRead MoreWomen Empowerment Through Self Help Groups Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Empowerment through Self-Help Groups (SHGs): A Review of the literature Anna Lungbila. P Abstract Empowerment is a process that helps people gain control over their own lives, communities and society. It is also a process, which enables one to realise his or her identity and power in all aspects of life. Empowerment occurs within, the factors- social, economic, political, personal, familial, and cultural at various spheres. Empowering women puts the spotlight on equality in education, employmentRead MoreWomen s Empowerment Organization For Women1492 Words   |  6 Pagesbook laid the foundation of the global women’s empowerment organization I Am That Girl, which seeks to raise the standards of how girls both view and treat themselves, each other and the world. The organization believes that by building a community for women to be seen, heard and belong they are giving women something bigger than themselves to stand for and creating a healthier and more powerful society. I Am That Girl serves as a â€Å"safe space† for women through over 170 chapters worldwide reach ingRead MoreWomen s Empowerment Of Women959 Words   |  4 Pages This poem is from a modern perspective, and reflects the empowerment that women have created for themselves in the last century. One of the ways which female oppression became so widespread and successful was the acquiescence of the majority of women. Women were beaten, killed, imprisoned, and ostracized for standing up to oppression. However, the more that women refused to be made into objects and mistreated the less men were able to do so with impunity. Spera’s poem is rich with bitterRead MorePaper Presentation on Women Empowerment and Self Help Groups by Mrs. Rebecca Thomas Lecturer in Commerce Nes Ratnam College, Bhandup(W). 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The girl’s name is Malala Yousafzai, and she lives on as a nineteen-year old woman who continues to fight for women’s rights and empowerment around the globe. ManyRead MoreA Brief Note On Social Empowerment Of Women1839 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Empowerment of Women By Sanjay Kali | Submitted On October 22, 2008 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 3 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Sanjay Kali The indicators of social empowerment of women include the base ofRead MoreWomen Empowerment1112 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits Of Empowering Women Abstract This essay will examine the advantages and disadvantages of empowering women so that they can hold other positions apart from their traditional ones. Firstly, it will consider the disadvantages of women empowerment mainly in terms with economical and social stand in the general society. And all of which has proven it’s drawbacks when the pressure of women empowerment transpires. Consequently, it will discuss the benefits of women empowerment and present the viewRead MoreWomen Empowerment1546 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Empowerment - A reality or Myth The Government of India had ushered in the new millennium by declaring the year 2001 as Womens Empowerment Year to focus on a vision where women are equal partners like men. The most common explanation of womens empowerment is the ability to exercise full control over ones actions. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of welfare

Accounting Theory and Issues Business Scenario

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory and Issues for Business Scenario. Answer: Introduction The development of technology and infrastructure has changed the business scenario. It has become very much important for the organizations to analyze their business activities in order to reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, for this reason business organizations are putting extreme efforts to develop appropriate strategies and policies in order to increase their efficiently and decreasing environmental impacts (Aras and Crowther, 2012). The environmental issue can obstruct the growth and development process of the business entities by associating the entities into legal obligations. Moreover, it can bring the company in adverse situation so that the company cannot provide attention to its core business activities (Bowen and Aragon-Correa, 2014). The undertaken company Bio-Sustainable Feeds put great attention on the CSR strategies so that the environmental impact of the company can be reduced and the company can be established as an environmental friendly company (Brimblecombe et al., 2003). The feeds regarding the aquaculture continuation is innovated in the form of bacteria that helps in the enhancement of the fish growth with the utilization of the structures of the fish in a more effective manner in order to enhance the organizational growth in the field of aquaculture. Main context Discussion on the value to the society of the research made by BSF Ltd According to the case study it can be perceived that the business entities Bio-Sustainable Feeds put great attention on developing efficient CSR strategies for the firm as well as improving their sustainability quotient and putting more efforts on the research and development sections of the firm (Hillstrom and Hillstrom, 2002). The research and development department plays a significant role in the development of product and services of a company. The department is focusing on minimizing the environmental impacts as well as developing products that will increase the profitability and value of the company (Keinert, 2008). The RD department is researching the use of bacteria to make fish feeds from sugar cane residue, recaptured methane gas and wood chips. The development of product from wastage enables the company to minimize environmental impacts and recycling the natural resources which increases the sustainability and development of the company (McElhaney, 2008). The case study de picted provides the effective process that is conducted for the research and thereby the conduct helps in appropriate promotion of company with environmental friendly practices. It thereby also helps in providing focus on the establishments that are made by the company are const effective focus created or not. It thereby also provides appropriate improvement in the profitability with thereby helps in mitigating the risks that are indicated. The companys activities seem to be improving the business of activities of the company with producing the product in a cost effective manner and thereby the consciousness is created for the company. The problems with the early the research done by BSF Ltd The initial research of BSF Ltd depicts the sustainable environment indicated for the aqua cultural feeds and thereby the research seems to be focusing on the plant based feeds. The research regarding this seems to be creating a lot of problems and thereby the support for the system is created via another approach which is depicted in this case study (B. Rust, 2011). The plant based fish feed seems to be supposed to solve the problems that helps in converting the rates of the low fish into the rate of the high values of fish. In this research the fish dies and also the maturity period of the fish is lowered. The process of diverting the value of the crops into the luxury products helps in diverting the fish value with regarding the production (Stokes Howden, 2009). The process benefits the rich and the poor people with depicting the importance of the human food values. The environmental issue can obstruct the growth and development process of the business entities by associating the entities into legal obligations. Henceforth the problems regarding the early research are depicted in the context of the case with thereby enhancing the features of the organization with the increment of profitability for the organization. The description of the problems helps in providing overview of the components that are used for the research and thereby the components act as a crucial form for facing the current situation. The production of the fish feeds is being established with the help of the production of the components and thereby the consideration is made with the assumption of environmental quality feeds. It thereby helps in the enhancement of the fish feeds research with the usage of the poor class objections and thereby the consideration for the company is created in order to find the alternatives of the component of research mentioned in the case study. Discuss the nature and differences research and research development The company has introduced new process of producing fish feed from the natural resources that have led to the increase in value and minimizing environmental impact. The research and development department has put all their efforts in the development of the product. The research helps in constructing the ideas that seems to be innovative for the organization with making progress and thereby the company consists of the alternative components are created in order to create fruitful progress in the environment of the environment. The process of the research includes the verifiable tools and the techniques that are implemented on the research subject in order to gain the appropriate results (Shumway Parsons, 2006). The procedures and the techniques undertaken help in considering the logical and the sequential procedures along with the practical examples. These practical examples are presented in front of the researcher. With depicting the practical examples, the future research are preceded with the assumptions made seems to be based on the outcomes of the future research. The process of development creates growth for the organization and thereby it also helps in indicating the structures that are presented for the enhancement of the progress. The process helps in forming the innovative structures that are requisite for the enhancement of the structure with the growth and the development of the corporation experiences. The innovation process helps in conducting the intangible asset and thereby the bacteria pr oduce the feeds for fish. Research development determines the implementation of the research on the particular organization. It helps in the growth of the organization and shows innovative idea that has been developed and carried out by the research and development department (R., 2016). The innovation process seems to be continued in this case for betterment of the organization BSF Ltd. The enhancement of the research relies on the enhancement of the research environment with creating the values for the organization. Fair market value patent The increase in competition in the market has compelled the companies to invest into research and development. In order to stay competition in the business environment, it is important for the companies to develop innovative and unique ideas and techniques(Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Therefore, to achieve competitive edge in the market, the companies have to protect their innovative ideas and methods. Patents provide that protection of using innovative ideas by other companies or any other party. Patent is an intangible asset that is shown in the balance sheet of the company. The use of bacteria to develop feed for the fish from wood chips, recaptured methane gas and sugarcane is an innovative idea of the company BSF Ltd(Hillier, 2010). BSF Ltd received grant of amount $500 million from the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization. BSF Ltd spent an amount of $500 million AUD in the research process and around $200 million in development cost of the aquaculture feed. The projects discount rate is 8%. The evaluation and determination of the market value of the organization is very much important as it shows the development in the current business environment(Holton, 2012). The patent of BSF ltd is around $700 million AUD if the feed are sold. Therefore, the market value patent of the company is $700 million AUD. Journal entries for RD transactions Particulars Debit ($) Credit ($) Grant 500 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 500 Alternative aquaculture feeds 100 Cash 100 Research 500 cash 500 Development cost 200 cash 200 Patent 700 Cash 700 In the given case study, the company BSF Ltd received grant of amount $500 million AUD from Common Wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. On the alternative aquaculture feed, the company invested $100 million (Moles, 2011). An amount of $500 million AUD was spent on the research process and development cost of $200 million AUD. The total amount of money that the company spent is around $700 million AUD. The transactions of cash expense and received has been shown in the journal entry. The company utilized the grant money appropriately in the research and development of aquaculture feed (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The selling of the feed will help to estimate the market value patent. The patent value is equal to the innovation value developed by the company. With the help of this innovative idea, the company BSF Ltd will be able to increase its market value as well as achieve a competitive advantage. The research and development department helps in the researc h and development process of the aquaculture feed (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The journal entry shows the transactions from the year 2013 to 2016 as well as the amount of cash received and expensed. The accounting process helps to collect and analyze the transactions over a period of time. The investment in the research and development of the aquaculture feed has been shown in the journal entry. However, it is important for the company to develop its product and protect its innovative ideas (Wolf, 2008). The research and development plays an effective role in the enhancement of the structure which helps in the constructing the enhancement of the information collection for research. The main purpose of accounting is depicted for the process of collection, storage and the evaluation of the transactions done by a company during the specific time period of time. The crucial objectives helps in considering the views that are depicted as per the research and thereby the consideration reg arding the control management might be constructed for the enhancement of the transactions. Exclusive control management of the research made in BSF Ltd The system of management depicted in the case study of BSF Ltd considers all the prospects of patent values and implementation of innovative strategies in order to produce bio-sustainable feeds for the fishes. The research in this process helps in determining the process which seems to be executed appropriate while continuing the process of research and thereby the control of the strategies seems to be taking place in this context (Sarker et al., 2016). The strategies for the control management of the research made in the BSF Ltd are as follows:- Appropriate usage of the bio- sustainable materials helps in creating an appropriate environment for the fishes and there by completing the preparation of food for the fishes. The growth of the high quality fish process can be implemented with the creation appropriate control management of the sustainable environment. Appropriate usage of the upper parts of the plants for the creation of food for the fishes determines the enhancement of the business of BSF Ltd (Chung, 2016). Appropriate usage of the wastage materials which are being used in the research of the fish food carried out by BSF Ltd. It thereby helps in controlling the costs of the organization with creating profit for the organization. Appropriate control process helps in providing the appropriate environment with creating the exclusive control management. The control management also depicts the enhancement of the historical feed system which seems to be processed with creating a huge amount of cost for the execution of the process determined in the system. With the creation of this system, the evaluation of the control measures is depicted in this system. Henceforth the control process are used with the creation of appropriate control management with the appropriate approximation of the measurements undertaken in this case study. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Moles, P. (2011).Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wild, J. (2005).Financial accounting. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2012).Business strategy and sustainability. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Bowen, F. and Aragon-Correa, J. (2014).Greenwashing in Corporate Environmentalism Research and Practice: The Importance of What We Say and Do.Organization Environment, 27(2), pp.107-112. Brimblecombe, P., Cunningham, M., Cunningham, W. and Freedman, W. (2003).Environmental encyclopedia.. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale. Hillstrom, K. and Hillstrom, L. (2002).Encyclopedia of small business. Detroit, MI: Gale Group. Keinert, C. (2008).Corporate social responsibility as an international strategy. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. McElhaney, K. (2008).Just good business. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Rust, M. (2011).The Future of Aquafeeds.https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf Chung, E. (2016).'Greener' fish farming could lead to unhealthier seafood.CBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 R., L. (2016). Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger Sarker, P., Kapuscinski, A., Lanois, A., Livesey, E., Bernhard, K., Coley, M. (2016). Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus).PLOS ONE,11(6), e0156684. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156684 Shumway, S. Parsons, G. (2006).Scallops. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Stokes, C. Howden, M. (2009).Adapting agriculture to climate change. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub.

Japan’s Cultural Analysis an Example by

Japan’s Cultural Analysis History Need essay sample on "Japans Cultural Analysis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Japans culture started to develop around 100 BC when agriculture and social classes began to evolve. During the late 1800s, Western powers began to influence Japanese culture with several treaty signings which greatly benefited the legal and economical system of the west. This lead to Japans will to become a democratic nation which gave equality to all people, driving major reform such as a human rights and religious freedom in 1873 (Japanese History). Students Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my friends Professional writers recommend: Help With Essay Writing Japans social and economic system grew to become a power force in the Pacific Rim. This lead to Japans ability to fight both Russia and China while taking military control of neighboring nations. After the loss to the US, ending WWII Japan lost most of the territories gain, however they benefited with decades of incredible economic growth up until the 1990s where they finally saw a major slowdown (CIA Factbook). Geography The country is separated from the Asian mainland, by the Sea of Japan. The four main islands Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku make up the main body of Japan which is 144,689 sq mi (374,744 sq km) (Japan). Family In Japanese the family is called ie. Each member of the family is an important part to the past and future timeline of the family as more then just a social group, but as an institution. Succession in the family is an important aspect the structure of the family, with the oldest male taking on the role of the head of the family. Even after marriage, the male will live with the parents and attend to the household as the age. If there is no successor in place, it is custom to adopt so that the family line continues (Japanese Family Structure). Education Japan has a 99% literacy rate, with an upper and lower-secondary school system. 94% of all students attend the upper-secondary school which includes grades 10-12. The country also has over 700 post-secondary institutions which 507 of those being universities (Country Study:Japan-Society). Political System The government is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government made up of a Prime Minister, Cabinet, and House of Councilors (CIA Factbook). Legal System The Legal system is modeled after European civil law, with Western influence. The Supreme Court reviews legislative acts (CIA Factbook). Social Organization Each inpidual is considered an autonomous person; however there is a focus on becoming interdependent to social groups. Although a person will constantly interchange among groups such as a family, company or social friendship, at any given time that inpiduate represents the whole of the group. The social wellbeing of the group is the priority to any actions, and although such things as private emotions and humor are accepted, they should not interfere with their public responsibility (Country Studies: Social Organization). Business Customs and Practices Masculinity and collectivism is important the culture, making business dress and practices both conservative and sexists compared to western culture. Customs such as gift giving and paying for meals are structured, and are important to be observed in the culture (Hofstede). Religion Shinto and Buddhist make up 84% of religion practiced, while all others make up 16% of the population (CIA Factbook). Aesthetics Due to the remoteness of Japan, their art when uninfluenced by western society until the late 1800s. Mostly affected by Chinese and Buddhist culture, their philosophy of art displays living, functional purpose and spiritual simplicity (Japanese Aesthetics). Housing Because family and relaxation are important, home life is a concern in Japan. Research shows that there is sufficient housing availability for the population, however floor areas for units are small, particularly in rental units, as compared to western or European nations (Ishikawa, 1-2). Clothing Most clothing today is westernized, however Japan as strong ties to previous cultural clothing articles such as the kimono which is a elaborate dress for both men and women which would show a persons status and class in the society (Traubitz). Recreation Japan participate in both indoor and outdoor activities, and with higher income and leisure time, they have adapted a variety of outdoor sports. With two national leagues, Baseball is the most watched sport in the country (Japan Recreation). Social Security The countries social benefits in 2002 were 83.6 trillion yen, with 53.1% going towards pensions, and 31.4 towards health care. Retired people typically substitute pension income with part-time employment or other income sources (Social Security System) Official Languages The only official language is Japanese (CIA Factbook). Bibliography Hofstede, Geert. Geert Hofstede Analysis: Japan. Itim Internation. 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm> Ishikawa, Tatsuya. The Current Situation of Japans Housing Market, and Political Implications of Projected Population Decrease. Economic Research Group. 3 February 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Japan. Infoplease.com. 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Japanese Aesthetics, Wabi-Sabi, and the Tea Ceremony. North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Japanese Family Structure. Answers.com 29 January 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Japanese History. Japan-guide.com. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Japan Recreation. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 The Social Security System Today. Japan Fact Sheet 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007 Traubitz, Nancy. Japanese Clothing Box. University of Maryland. 29 January 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007